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STATE OF NEW YORK 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

CHARLES A. DIETING, Commisstonef 



Bureau of Horticultural Inspection 

Bulletin No. 1 



Some Items of Infoniuttoa for 

ORCHARMSTS AND FRUIT GROWERS 

Relative to Certain 

Dangetously Injurious Insects and Diseases 



Prepared br 

GEORGE G. ATWOOD 



ALBANY 

J. B. LTON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 

190T 



STATE OF NEW YORK 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

CHARLES A. WIETING, Commissioner 



Bureau of Horticultural Inspection 



Bulletin No* J 



Some Items of Information for 

ORCHARDISTS AND FRUIT GROWERS 

Relative to Certain 
Dangerously Injurious Insects and Diseases 



Prepared by 

GEORGE G. ATWOOD 



ALBANY 

J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 

1907 






^h'i^ 



yi 



S5^ . 



Some Items of Information for Orchardists and Fruit- 

Growers Relative to Certain Dangerously 

Injurious Insects and Diseases. 



The Commissioner of Agriculture is charged with the enforce- 
ment of sections 82 and 83 of the Agricultural Law. These parts 
of the law are commonly called the San Jose scale law and relate 
to the prevention of disease in fruit trees and the extirpation of 
insect pests that infest the same. 

The law says, " ISTo person shall knowingly or wilfully keep any 
peach, almond, apricot or nectarine trees affected with the con- 
tagious disease known as yellows. 'No person shall knowingly or 
wilfully keep any peach tree affected with the disease known as 
little peach. ISTor shall any person knowingly or wilfully keep any 
plum, cherry or other trees affected with the contagious disease or 
fungus known as black-knot nor any tree, shrub or plant infested 
with or by the San Jose scale or other insect pest dangerously in- 
jurious to or destructive of \he trees, shrubs or other plants ; every 
such tree, shrub or plant shall be a public nuisance, and as such 
shall be abated." * * * « Every person, when he becomes 
aware of the existence of such disease or insect pest in any tree 
owned by him, shall forthwith report the same to the commissioner 
of agriculture at Albany, New York, and the said commissioner 
shall take such action as the law provides." 

The commissioner is furthermore required to cause the inspec- 
tion and certification of nursery stock, the inspection of ship- 
ments of nursery stock into the State, and in certain cases to re- 
quire the fumigation of nursery stock before shipment. • 

The work of the Department is not experimental along horti- 
cultural lines as is the work of the experiment stations. It is 
the duty of the Department in the inspection of nurseries to pre- 
vent the spread of fungus and insect pests within the nurseries 
and also to prevent the spread of such pests in shipments of nur- 
sery stock to other places. 



In performing tlie work of orchard inspection it is the evident 
duty of the Department to do what it can to suppress and eradicate 
all pests that are destructive to the life of trees and plants. In 
doing this it may be necessary to destroy all such trees as are badly 
infested or infected. " If, howevfer, in the judgment of the com- 
missicner of agriculture, any trees, shrubs or plants infected 
with any disease or infested with dangerously injurious insects 
can be treated with sufficient remedies, he may direct such treat- 
ment to be carried out by the owner under the direction of the 
commissioner's agent or agents." 

It is the policy of the Department to save orchard property and 
nT)t destroy it. Diseased trees are often worthless, or they may 
be in locations where they are or may become a menace to other 
trees, and therefore should be removed and destroyed. On the other 
hand, in certain circumstances, orchard and other trees can be 
treated by spraying thoroughly from time to time, using the ap- 
j~ roved formulas recommended by the Department. 

The insects and diseases that are considered by the Depart- 
ment as "dangerously injurious " are as follows, though there are 
others that in the course of time may become so destructive within 
the State that they must be added to the list : 

Peach yellows, Scurfy scale, 

Black-knot, Lecanium scale. 

Root gall. Little peach. 

Crown gall, Fire-Might, 

Anthracnose, Woolly aphis. 

Black rot of grape, Borers, 

San Jose scale. Grape root worm. 
Oyster shell scale. 

The intent of this brief bulletin is first to call attention to 
the only statute on the subject of horticultural inspection in the 
State. 

Sections 82 and 83 of the Agricultural Law define not only the' 
duty of the enforcing officer, the Commissioner of Agriculture, but 
also states the duty of all persons, within the State, who have trees 
and plants infected with disease or infested with insect pests-. 



dangerously injurious to the life of trees and plants. The penalty 
for a violation of the Agricultural Law is stated in section 37 is 
as follows : 

" Every person violating any of the provisions of the agricul- 
tural law shall forfeit to the people of the state of ISTew York the 
sum of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dol- 
lars for the first violation and not less than one hundred dollars 
or more than two hundred dollars for the second and each subse- 
quent violation." * * * 

Brief descriptions of some of the enemies to orchard trees and 
vines are given with illustrations. Other figures are also given to 
help in identifying the more serious pests and to demonstrate the 
beneficial effects of proper spraying. 

Thankful acknowledgment is hereby made to the United States 
Department of Agriculture, the Pennsylvania Department of Ag- 
riculture, and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Maryland, 
Ohio, Michigan and New York, for the loan of cuts to use in this 
hastily prepared bulletin. 

Attention is also called to the useful formulas for insect and 
fimgous diseases, the lime and sulphur mixture and the Bordeaux 
mixture. The former has been proven effective in combating San 
Jose scale, and the latter, when arsenical poisons are added, is the 
almost universally approved fungicide for the prevention of dis- 
eases and for destroying insects affecting the leaves of trees and 
plants. 

There are many other formulas as there are many other 
hindrances to horticulture. Spraying has become a very neces- 
sary part of fruit growing. It is essential that an orchardist 
should know the cause or nature of pests that are destructive to 
the end that proper spraying or ojher treatment may be applied. 

BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 

~ (A Valuable Formula.) 

Five pounds copper sulphate. 
Five pounds best stone lime. 
Forty gallons water. 

This mixture is a standard fungicide. It is used as a preventive 
of such diseases as leaf spot, leaf blight, canker, leaf curl. 



plum pookets, grape rots, mildews, etc., and should be ap- 
plied in a fine spraj over the bodies and branches of the trees and 
on the leaves as they grow, saj every ten to twenty days, until the 
fruit is half grown, after which the amount of water used should be 
sixty or seventy gallons. After the first spraying which is done 
before the leaf buds start, one-half pound of Paris green, or other 
poison, should be added to each fifty gallons of Bordeaux mixture, 
to poison leaf-eating insects. 

Bordeaux mixture should be prepared as follows: Dissolve 
five pounds of copper sulphate by suspending in a bag and im- 
mersing near the surface of about six gallons of water. Slake 
five pounds of lime, using only the amount of water necessary 
to keep it covered, and before mixing the materials dilute each 
to twenty gallons; a finer grained combination results than when 
lime and copper sulphate meet without dilution. If conveniences 
are not at hand for holding both the materials in dilution, the lime 
should be diluted to full amount in the tank, and the copper sul- 
phate solution poured into this, as the resultant mixture remains 
in suspension better than if tlie operation be reversed. 

Lime is so variable in quality, that the use of a test of Bordeaux 
mixture is advised. When the mixture is thoroughly stirred, take 
a cupful, into which pour a few drops of a ten-per-cent. solution 
of yellow prussate of potash; if the effect is a reddish or brown 
coloring, more slaked lime should be added to the Bordeaux 
mixture. 

SAN JOSE SCALE. 

(Aspidiotus Perniciosus.) 

This is regarded the worst insect pest of the orchards. Its 
spread from a few limited areas -now threatens entry to the great 
orchard sections of the State, if indeed it has not already taken 
possession. 

It is necessary to suppress San Jose scale or the damage to com- 
mercial orcharding will be great to the point of ruin. The most 
serious obstacle to its control is to be found in sections where neg- 
ligent orchardists, owners or tenants, will not put up the necessary 
fight. 



While some have been waiting for natural enemies of the scale 
to destroy it, like lady bugs and parasitic fungi, others have been 
experinieuting to find a more complete method. Within five years 
it has been demonstrated that San Jose scale can be kept in subjec- 
tion and the fruit and trees saved at nominal cost. 

Furthermore, the proper preparation and application of the 
lime-sulphur solution has proved beneficial to the trees in many 
ways, especially in assisting in the control of fungous diseases^ like 
apple and pear scab, the leaf curl of the peach and leaf pockets of 
the plum. 

LIME AND SULPHUR SOLUTION. 

The lime-sulphur solution is made as follows : Twenty pounds of 
best unslacked lime, seventeen pounds of sifted sulphur (flour or 
flowers). Heat fifteen to twenty gallons of water in an iron 
caldron. Put the lime in the water, causing a violent boil- 
ing; add the sulphur, stirring the mass continually. If too 
much water is used, boiling over ensues; if too little, the mass 
becomes dry, and an additional supply of hot water should be 
added. Continue boiling for an hour, or until the lime and sul- 
phur have united, at which time the color will be a deep amber ; 
dilute with water to make the quantity about fifty gallons. Strain 
before using ; give pumps and nozzles an immediate cleaning when 
spraying ceases. Where live steam is available it may be used to 
great advantage for cooking the mixture. Apply any time when 
trees are dormant, but not when the temperature is so low that 
the spray freezes when applied. The best results have followed 
application just before buds start to swell in the spring. A second 
application to cover places untouched is advised even when much 
care has been used at the first sprnying. This solution should be 
kept warm or hot until used, as the mixture deteriorates if allowed 
to cool and stand over from day to day. 

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 

This is an important insect of the bark louse family. It was 
first discovered in Americn in the San Jose valley of California, 
where it wrought great havoc, and from which locality its name 
was derived. In 18S0 it received the specific name of aspidiotus 



perniciosus because of its destructive habits, rapid multiplication 
and its resistance to remedial treatment. Until August of 1893 
none of these insects were found east of the Rocky mountains, but 
in that year young trees were found dying in an orchard at Char- 
lottesville, Ya., and investigation showed them to have been grown 
in a nursery block close to some plums which the proprietor had 
purchased in California. Other shipments had been made, and it 
was soon found that infested stock had been widely scattered. 

As the female insect is wingless, hence slow in its natural 
spread, it soon became apparent that infested nursery stock offered 
the greatest opportunity for extended dissemination Nearly all 
the States have passed stringent laws relative to the inspection of 
nurseries and orchards to prevent the spread of this and other 
pests into uninfested localities. 

The laws of many States provide that in addition to inspection 
the nurserymen shall fumigate all stock shipped, and owners of 
orchards are required to treat or destroy their infested trees. 

PEACH YELLOWS. 

Yellows is a most important disease. It has been very destruc- 
tive to the peach industry in several States and has gained a foot- 
hold in the great peach belts of New York State. 

This disease is believed to be contagious. It is transmitted to 
other trees by budding, or by growing seedlings from seed of dis- 
eased trees. It is unwise to replant peach trees on the same land 
from which diseased trees have been removed. One-year-old nur- 
sery trees never show the disease. Yellows may be recognized by 
the premature coloring and mottled appearance of the fruit and 
the high color and red markings in the flesh from the pit outward. 
The fruit appears mature but is insipid in flavor. 

New buds develop on the trunk and branches and the buds that 
should remain dormant over winter often open in the fall. 

A yellowing of peach foliage so often seen in an orchard is not 
necessarily an evidence of this disease. 

The cause of yellows is not understood, notwithstanding it has 
been subject to many years' investigation. 

The only known remedy is to dig but and bum the entire tree on 
the first discovery of the disease. 



LITTLE PEACH. 

This disease is also fomid in the peach belts of New York State. 
No better name for it has yet been found, as the cause of the dis- 
ease is still obscure. 

Little peach disease does not show in the trees as plainly at its 
first appearance as yellows, and its presence is at times attributed 
to a lack of moisture or fertility in the soil. 

Apparently healthy trees will blossom, the fruit may set well 
and while still small stop growing, never ripen and eventually 
drop. Only a single branch may be affected one year, but in yeais 
following the disorder will cover the tree. 

As with the peach yellows, the only remedy is the utter destruc- 
tion of the entire tree by burning. This disease is believed to be 
both contagious and infectious and in every way as serious as yel- 
lows, though its extent in this State, so far as known, does not 
equal 50 per cent, of the latter disease. 

PEACH ROSETTE. 

This contagious disease is not known in New York State but 
seems confined to the Southern States. 

It appears in the spring and the trees die within a year. The 
buds instead of growing into branches form tufts or tight clusters 
from two to four inches long. 

The cause of this disease is unknown, and the only remedy the 
unquestioned one of burning. 

LEAF CURL OF THE PEACH, AND LEAF POCKETS OF 

THE PLUM. 

The cause of this disease is a fungus belonging to the family of 
exodscus, the same fungus that causes the disease known as plum 
pockets in the leaves of plum trees. The presence of this fungus, 
when uncombatted, results in a good deal of injury to orchard 
trees. The fungus once having attacked a tree is so persistent 
that the tree eventually dies. The trouble appears soon after 



10 

the foliage expands, in thickened and distorted leaves. Tho 
fungus lives over winter in the buds and twigs of the affected 
branches and grows out with the new leaves in the spring. It has 
been recently found that spraying the trees with the lime-sulphur 
solution, which is recommended for suppressing the spread of San 
Jose scale, has proved exceeding useful in checking this fungus. 

CROWN GALL. 

{Dendrophagus glohosus.) 

This fungous disease of the apple, almond, peach, pear, grape, 
raspberry, blackberry, walnut and some other plants is most seri- 
ous. Crown gall and the galls produced by aphids are found fre- 
quently on the roots of the same trees. 

The crown gall may be present in trees or plants and if other 
kinds of trees are planted on the same land they are almost sure to 
contract the disease. 

Crown gall may be found on the roots of one-year seedlings, on 
the roots of the older trees, at the surface of the ground, and occa- 
sionally two or three feet up on the trunks of the affected trees. 
They are of all sizes up to two, three or more inches in diameter. 

One-year peach trees affected with crown gall will not usually 
live to bearing age, and the injury to other plants and trees is very 
serious. 

All galls on the roots are not crown galls, and a distinction be- 
tween thean may be made. 

The galls caused by aphids are usually ^knotty and very hard, 
while crown gall is rather soft, its tissue being brainlike in forma- 
tion. It sometimes appears as a warty formation on the larger 
roots or collar of the trees, and again it may be on the smaller 
roots, spherical in form and.one inch or more in diameter. 

Crown gall is spread from infested stumps, which should be dug 
azid burned. In some cases a cure may be effected by cutting off 
the galls and painting the cut surfaces with a paste made of blue- 
stone and lime. Galls produced by aphids are not apt to increase 
in size if the insects are destroyed by an application of kerosene 
emulsion or strong decoctions of tobacco. 



11 

PEAR BLIGHT, FIRE BLIGHT AND TWIG BLIGHT. 

(Bacillus amylovorus.) 

This disease is kaown to be of bacterial origin. It appears in 
the spring on the blossoms. Some clusters turn black and the dis- 
ease is carried from flower to flower by bees or other insects. 
F)-om the flowers the disease spreads to leaves and twigs. It at- 
tacks the tender growth of the apple, pear, apricot, quince, rasp- 
berry and blackberry. This disease is exceedingly destructive to 
pear trees. It appears not regularly, but at times is very destruc- 
tive to both nursery and orchard trees. Some years comparatively 
little damage is done, while other years large areas of orchard trees 
will be destroyed. The only remedy that is known to be of use is 
the cutting out, a few inches below the blighted portion, all the 
branches or ]imbs affected. Refuse trimmings should be burned. 

Although many remedies have been suggested for this disease, 
the only precautionary measure that is now regarded of any value 
is to avoid fertilizing the trees with stable manures or those rich 
in nitrogen. Anything that tends to a moderate growth and thor- 
ough ripening of the trees is desirable. This disease also attacks 
blossoms and twigs of the apple and quince trees and spreads in 
the young growth, killing the terminal twigs. 

BLACK KNOT. 

(Plowrightia morbosa.) 

This fungous disease of the plum and cherry if neglected be- 
comes very destructive. 

Extensive areas of plum orchards have been entirely destroyed 
and damage to the duke and morello types of cherry trees has been 
very great. 

The first evidence of the presence of the disease is in olive- 
colored, smooth or velvet-like spots on the branches in the spring 
which extend upon the new growth. These spots develop into 
rough, irregular knots and become dried and rough by winter. 

In the spring the disease is spread by the spores, which escape 
in great numbers from the minute cells that form on the olive- 
colored spots and young knots. 



12 

The old knots contain the spores, which live over winter and 
cause the spread of the disease in the spring. 

Treatment. — ^As the knots appear early in the growing season, 
they should be removed at once. To control this disease it is neces- 
sary to observe its first appearance and cut it out. "No knots should 
be permitted to remain on a tree a day after discovery. Branches 
bearing knots should be cut off at a point several inches below the 
swellings or knots and immediately burned, not left lying on the 
ground. 

Wild plum and cherry trees growing in the vicinity of an or- 
chard should be as carefully watched as the orchard itself and all 
evidence of this disease destroyed. 

Spraying with copper preparations, like Bordeaux mixture, may 
be helpful to prevent black knot, but should not be depended upon. 

APPLE SCAB (Fusicladium Dendriticum) and PEAR SCAB 

(Fusicladium Pirinum) . 

These diseases, while not regarded dangerously injurious to the 
life of the trees, are very destructive to the fruits. 

On the leaves the diseases are often called leaf-blight. Black 
spots are formed on the fruit and as the spots increase in size 
the fruit will crack open, and in some instances becomes one-sided. 

Scab is the most important fungous disease of apples and pears, 
but the extent of the injury varies from year to year. It yields 
readily to treatment with Bordeaux mixture, applied when the 
buds are swelling and again just before blossoming, and the third 
time after the petals have fallen. 

BLACK-ROT OF THE GRAPE. 

(Laestadia Bidiuellii.) 

(Ouigna7'dia Bidivellii.) 

Of the numerous fungous diseases to which the grape is sub- 
ject, no other is so destructive to fruit in this State as this. When 
conditions are favorable for its spread, the fruit of the season may 



13 

be entirely ruined in a few days. In places where grape growing 
was once profitable, it ceased to be so as soon as this disease 
appeared. 

The disease attacks all parts of the vine except the roots. It 
first appears on the leaves and young shoots in brownish spots. 
The fruit is usually attacked when only half grown. The de- 
fective berries show brown spots which rapidly enlarge until the 
whole berry is involved. The spores of the fungus are discharged 
when the affected grapes are wet and spread to other parts of the 
vineyard. 

Another form of the same fungus is found in the diseased grape 
leaves that are left on the vines or on the ground. In this form 
the spores remain dormant until spring, thus carrying the disease 
over the winter. 

Treatment for this fungus, to be successful, must be very thor- 
ough from year to year. Affected leaves and fruit should be gath- 
ered carefully and destroyed and all trimmings from diseased vines 
should be burned. The vines should be sprayed several times dur- 
ing the growing season, using the copper formulas. In a wet sea- 
son spraying alone will not control the disease. It is found that 
the most careful vineyard sanitation is necessary in all the vine- 
yards of an affected area. In large vineyards it is recommended 
that all leaves and rotten fruit on the ground should be first heavily 
sprayed, to the point of soaking, with a solution of copper sulphate 
and carbolic acid and then ploughed under as deeply as possible. 
The following cultivation should be frequent and light — not deep 
enough to bring the covered diseased leaves or fruit to the surface. 
Spraying of the vines must be done four or five times during the 
season with Bordeaux mixture, or until the fruit is the size of peas 
and after that by using the ammonical copper compound. 

GRAPE ROOT-WORM. 

(Fidia Viticida.) 

This is a very destructive pest in vineyards. Much damage has 
been caused in the grape belt of Western New York, where ex- 
tensive vineyards have been killed. 



14: 

The insect has been found in small numbers in various portions 
of the State, but its depredations have been mostly along Lake 
Erie, in Chautauqua county, in the past twelve or fifteen years. 

Those interested should learn the habits of the fidia, for it is 
capable of ruining a vineyard in two seasons. The adult insect is 
a gi ayish-brown beetle and may be found eating peculiar chain- 
like holes in the leaves in July and August. The eggs laid at this 
time hatch and the grubs drop into the ground, where they feed 
upon the roots. Grubs may be found at the roots almost any 
mcnth of the year. 

This is a difficult insect to control and no single one of the 
known remedies should alone be relied uj)on, but rather all should 
be diligently applied. 

Spraying the leaves at the time the beetle is feeding with some 
form of arsenic will accomplish a little. The beetles are not heavy 
feeders and as they remain on the leaves but a few days the poison 
should be as concentrated as possible. Too much Paris green will 
injure the foliage, therefore, arsenate of lead, 10 pounds to 100 
gallons of water, is better. 

The beetles are easily jarred from the leaves and can be caught 
in sheets first spread under the vines. Special devices are ar- 
ranged for this work. 

Thorough, deep cultivation in the early fall at the time the 
fidia is in the pupal state will crush as many as can be reached. 
This insect multiples rapidly in neglected vineyards and thorough 
cultivation and fertilizing are desirable. 

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 

Plate 1. San Jose scale on pear ; same on branch, natural size ; 
scales enlarged. 
(U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ento- 
mology.) 
Plate 2. (a) Scale on twig, natural size. 

(&) Much enlarged, showing scale in all life condi- 
tions. 
(U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ento- 
mology. ) 



15 



Plate 3. A single adult female San Jos6 scale, verj much en- 
larged. 
(Pemisjlvania Department of Agriculture.) 
Plate 4. A single adult male San Jose scale, very much en- 
larged. 
(Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.) 
Plate 5. {a) Beetle, largely magnified. • 
(&) Larva, magnified. 

(c) Ventral view. 

(d) Lady beetles devouring live scale. 
(Pennsylvania and U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture. ) 

Plate 6. Apple tree sprayed with lime and sulphur in April. 

(New York Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 7. Same as plate 6 photographed, JSTovember 8th, showing 

adherence of the application made in April. 
Plate 8. Twigs from same as plate 6 photographed, November 

8th. 
Plate 9. Upper figure illustrates peach trees infested with San 
Jose scale and leaf curl, unsprayed. 
Lower figure shows good results of spraying. 

(New York Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 10. Upper row of pears from trees, unsprayed. 

Lower row of pears from similar trees, properly 
sprayed. 
(New York Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 11. Oyster shell bark-louse. 

(a, b) Females, largely magnified; natural size in- 
. dicated by I. 
• (c) Female scales on twig, natural bize. 

(d) Male scale, enlarged. 

(e) Male scales on twig, natural size. 

(U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of 
Entomology.) 
Plate 12. Scurfy bark-louse. 

Infested twigs, (a) female, (h) male scales. 

(c) Female scale, greatly enlarged. 

(d) Male scale, enlarged. 

(Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.) 



16 

Plate 13. Apple tree infested with scurfy bark-louse. 

(Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.) 
Plate 14. Base of infested peach tree, sbowing gummy mass, 
the result of beach tree borers. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. ) 
Plate 15. Moths of peach tree borer, natural size. The upper 
one and one at the right are females. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. ) 
Plate 16. Woolly api3le aphis. 

(a, &) Work on the roots. 

(c) Enlarged figure of the louse. 

(U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of 
Entomology.) 
Plate 17. Woolly apple aphis. 

(a) Agamic female. 

(&) Larva. 

(c)' Pupa. 

{d) Winged female, enlarged. 

(U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of 
Entomology. ) 
Plate 18. Eruit tree bark-beetle. 

The figure at the right, bark removed, shows gallaries 

in the twig enlarged. 
The figure at the left shows markings in gallaries 
and bark. 
(Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 19. The grape root-worm {fidia viticida). 

Grape vine killed by grubs. All fine feeding roots 
eaten off and the main root scarred by the grubs. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity.) 
Plate 20. Grape vine fidia beetles, or adults of the grape root- 
worms. Beetles of natural size on the upper cut ; 
enlarged in the lower portion of the picture. All 
from life. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni-' 
versity. 



17 

Flate 21. Cliaracteristic work of beetles on grape leaves. 

(/) Beetle feeding on the green fruit. All natural 

size. 
{t) From a .thin-leaved variety of grape. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. 
Plate 22. Eggs of grape root-worm beetle. Natural size as seen 
on grape canes above, and much enlarged below. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. 
Plate 23. The tender pupae of the grape root-worm in its earthen 
cell, enlarged. ISTatural size at N. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. 
Plate 24. Grape root-worms ; natural size and enlarged. 

(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity.) 
Plate 25. Black knot on plum. 

(Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 26. Peach yellows. 

{A, B) Fruit from yellows affected tree, showing 
surface and flesh spotted and streaked 
with red. 
(C) Premature ripened fruit on an affected branch 
which is attached to one bearing healthy 
foliage and fruit (D). 
(a) Is a stub of tree budded with buds from yel- 
lows affected tree, showing the characteristic 
growth due to the disease which has also 
affected lower branch h. 
(a') Affected tree showing the dormant buds which 
are giving rise to bunches of wirelike twigs 
and narrow leaves. 
(&') One of those clusters enlarged, 
(c') Healthy leaf by the side of the branch bear- 
ing diseased foliage, showing the contrast in 
size. 
(Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

2 



18 



Plate 27. Peach tree in the last stages of the yellows. 

(Maryland Agi-icultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 28. An eleven-year-old Elberta peach tree, unsprayed, de- 
foliated by leaf curl ; no fruit. 
(Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 29. Elberta peach tree from same orchard figured in plate 
28, sprayed in the spring. ■ Foliage and fruit 
crop saved by treatment. 
(Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 30. Leaf curl of the peach, caused by the fungus exoacus 
deformis. 
(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. ) 
Plate 31. Upper figure, portion of unsprayed orchard. 

Lower figure, portion of same orchard sprayed. 
(New York iVgricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 32. Peach leaf curl at the left. Healthy at the right. 
(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 33. Anthracnose of the raspberry and blackberry. 

(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 34. Grapes affected by anthracnose, figure 1. 

Figures 2 and 3, largely magnified portions of the 

diseased fruit. 
Figures 4 and 5 spores enlarged. 
(U. S. Department of Agriculture.) 
Plate 35. Pear scab (fitsicaladium 'pinnum.) 

(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 36. Pear scab, on twigs. 
Plate 37. Apple scab (venfwnapomt). 

(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 38. Brown rot of the plum {sclerotinia fructigena) . 

Plums affected with brown rot found on trees in Feb- 
ruary showing mummified condition. These 
plums st;ill retained the ability to give off spores. 
(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 39. Koot galls of the peach. 

A disease affecting the roots of the peach, apple, rasp- 
berry and other fruits. 



19 

(Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell Uni- 
versity. ) 
Plats 40. Black-knot (plowrightia morhosa). 

(a) Mature knots on jilum branches. 
(5) Magnified section of the knot. 

(c) Spore stalks which grow on the surface of 
the knot when young and give rise to the sum- 
mer spores c\ 

(d) Magnified section of winter spore case, one of 
which is shown very highly magnified at e. 

(/) Several of the two-celled winter spores. 
(Michigan Agricultural Exjieriment Station.) 
Plate 41. Downy mildew of the grape. 

The upper portion of the leaves shows brown spots. 
Lower side shows whitish downy growth. 

(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 42. A bunch of grapes, many of which have rotted with 
the black rot fungus. 
(Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 43. Peach tree showing gall at the crown. 

(Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.) 
Plate 44. Crown Gall, illustrating its appearance on different 
trees and plants. 
(United States Department of Agriculture.) 

The following four plates are intended to show convenient 
appliances for the proper preparation and boiling of the lime and 
sulj)hur mixtures. Other essential tools are, fine metal strainers, 
leather or rubber jackets and mittens and water proof covering for 
the horses. 

Sound hose and tight couplings are also necessary. 

Plate 45. "Whenever it is found necessary to prepare the lime 
and sulphur mixture in large quantities an outfit 
similar to this may be used to advantage. 

Changes adapted to the situation may be adopted. 
Storage tanks may be provided, and the boiler 
itself may be placed on wheels. 



20 

Plate 46. The steam from a house heating boiler may be used 
to cook small amounts of lime and sulphur to ad- 
vantage. The steam may be carried in a hose to 
the cooking barrel or in a pipe as shown in the 
plate. 

A check valve to prevent back suction towards 
the boiler should be placed in the pipe. 
Plate 47. This outfit illustrates the advantage of selecting a 
site for the boiling which is loiver in elevation than 
the point of water supply and yet higher than the 
point at which it is desired that the cooked ma- 
terial shall be delivered. The tank is of 100 gal- 
lons capacity, of ISTo. 18 galvanized iron, and has 
a board lining on the sides on the inside to prevent 
undue loss of heat. Galvanized iron resists the 
■ corrosive action of lime and sulphur. 

During the boiling period the tank is slightly 
more than one-third full and when the cooking 
is completed, cold water from the well is 
readily added and the entire mixture is 
strained as it runs into the spray tank. 
Outfits of this kind cost less than $15.00 and will 
produce about 800 gallons of spray material 
daily. 
Plate 48. A cast iron kettle of about 50 gallons capacity sup- 
ported by an iron frame with a sheet iron shield 
surrounding the fire. A very common outfit for 
the boiling of lime and sulphur washes in small or 
medium sized orchards. Where the rate of appli- 
cation exceeds 50 gallons of spray material per 
hour, one or more additional kettles may be em- 
ployed. 

The dipping of the cooked material by hand 
from the kettle to the spray tank or barrel is 
an objectionable feature, but on the whole the 
outfit is far better than a simple iron pot sus- 
pended over an open fire. 




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SAR 1 4 181 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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